A foot-candle is a unit of measurement used to express the intensity of light illuminating a given area, also known as illuminance. One foot-candle is the intensity of a 1-candlepower light source at a distance of one foot. A foot-candle is calculated by taking into account the power of the light source, also known as luminance, and the distance to the illuminated point. This unit of measure is generally only utilized in the United States and has been replaced elsewhere with the SI unit of measure “lux,” equivalent to one lumen per square meter.
After solving for the illuminance at one distance, the inverse square relationship between distance and illuminance means that at twice this distance the illuminance will be reduced by a factor of four, at three times the distance by a factor of nine, and so on.
If attempting to calculate foot-candle illuminance at a certain distance from a light source, be wary of manufacturer data concerning the wattage of the light source. This may be a measure of the input power of the light, rather than the output luminance.
Construct the formula for light intensity in the units necessary to result in a final measurement in foot-candles. To do this, assume that the light source radiates equal power in every direction from a single point. Therefore, every point at the same distance away from the light source receives an equal amount of light intensity. This is the same as saying that every area on the inner surface of a sphere centered at the light source receives an equivalent amount of light intensity (in power per area). As distance from the light source grows, the interior surface area of this sphere increases, but the power of the light source is unchanged. This leads both to the common-sense notion that the luminescent intensity of a light decreases with distance and an exact mathematical formula for how fast it does so.
Because at a certain distance the light source brightness is spread out over the surface area of a sphere centered at the light source, with a radius equivalent to the distance from the light source, you can replace the general Area term with the formula for the surface area of a sphere:
Finally, use the units of measure necessary to result in a light intensity measured in foot-candles:
Convert the units of any given quantities into the desired units of measure. If a given problem contains quantities for Light Source Brightness or for Distance (our two independent variables) not measured in candlepower or feet, you need to convert them in order to obtain a unit of foot-candles in the final result. Here are some common unit conversions that may be applicable:
1 candlepower = ~12.57 lumens 1 candlepower = ~0.981 candela
1 foot = ~0.3048 meters 1 foot = 1/3 yard 1 foot = 12 inches
Plug the given quantities into the formula and use algebra to solve for the unknown variable. Once the output power, or luminance, of the light source is known, dividing by 4π and the distance squared results in the illuminating power of the light source at that distance, in foot-candles.
Tips
Warnings
References
Tips
- After solving for the illuminance at one distance, the inverse square relationship between distance and illuminance means that at twice this distance the illuminance will be reduced by a factor of four, at three times the distance by a factor of nine, and so on.
Warnings
- If attempting to calculate foot-candle illuminance at a certain distance from a light source, be wary of manufacturer data concerning the wattage of the light source. This may be a measure of the input power of the light, rather than the output luminance.
About the Author
David Gray began writing professionally in 2010. His work has been published in "The Banking Law Journal." He holds a Bachelor of Science in civil engineering from the University of Michigan and a Juris Doctor from Temple University Beasley School of Law.
Photo Credits
light 3 image by Igor Pashin from Fotolia.com