A buffer is a water-based solution containing a mixture of either an acid and its conjugate base, or a base and its conjugate acid. The acids and bases used in a buffer are quite weak and when a small amount of a strong acid or base is added, the pH doesn't change significantly. In 1966, Dr. Norman Good described a set of 12 buffers called Good buffers. The characteristics of these buffers make them very helpful in biological and biochemical research.

The pKa is the logarithmic form of the acid dissociation constant of the weak acid in the buffer. It is used to represent the strength of the weak acid in the buffer solution. Because Good buffers are widely used in biological research, and since neutral or near-neutral conditions are required for most biological reactions to take place, the pKa of the weak acid used in a Good buffer is in the range corresponding to a pH range of 6 to 8.

Good buffers have a high solubility in water, since most biological systems naturally use water as their solvent. Also, the solubility level of Good buffers in organic solvents such as fats and oils is low. This prevents the Good buffer from accumulating in biological compartments such as cell membranes.

If the buffer passes through a cell membrane, it can accumulate inside the cell and alter the cell and affect the results of the experiment. Therefore, Good buffers will not pass through cell membranes.

High salinity can often have dehydrating effects on cells. Furthermore, some salts also react with other constituents present in the setup to form complications in the research. A Good buffer has minimal ionic content to reduce these complications.

Many buffers react with cation ligands to form complexes which can accumulate in different regions of the setup and effect the research. An ideal Good buffer does not form such complexes, but such buffers are practically impossible to produce. In general, Good buffers form a small number of complexes that are soluble, to prevent any accumulation that can affect the research.

Buffers are often used in research on reactions involving enzymes. A Good buffer is chemically stable enough to resist degradation that enzymes could cause. Furthermore, a Good buffer is also resistant to non-enzymatic degradation by other components of the setup.

Since Good buffers are often used in research involving living cells, they are required to be non-toxic to the cells used in the experiment.