We now know quite a bit about the interior of the atom, the fundamental building block of nature. There are just a few basic "parts" of an atom, and while it would be difficult for the average person to actually "see" and identify these parts on some specific atom, for example, a carbon atom in a piece of bread, it isn't difficult to understand the basic idea. There really are just four structures of any atom: the nucleus, the protons and neutrons of the nucleus, and the surrounding electron cloud.
Remember: Electrons do not orbit the nucleus like the earth orbits the sun. Electrons are found in a cloud in a defined area near the nucleus. They do move rapidly around the nucleus (visualize a cloud of mosquitoes buzzing around your nose on a summer evening).
Find the nucleus. The nucleus of an atom is always right smack dab in the middle of any atom, like the sun is in the middle of the solar system (but don't take that analogy too far). The nucleus is very dense and compact, and while it can have just one particle (a single proton for regular hydrogen), it usually has multiple protons and neutrons. No matter what element you are looking at, the protons and neutrons will always be densely packed together in the nucleus. On your diagram, find and label the nucleus.
Find and label protons. The protons are always in the nucleus, always have a positive charge (label them with a "P" or a "+"), and there are always the same number of protons as the atomic number of the element. Example: What is the atomic number of gold? It is 79. So a gold atom will have 79 protons.
Find and label neutrons. Neutrons have no charge, so a good way to represent one in the nucleus is with just an "N". In a nucleus diagram, the neutrons will be jammed tightly right in with the protons. If you were trying to find and label the neutrons in the gas called tritium, an isotope of hydrogen, you would find two neutrons packed in with one proton.
Find and label the electron cloud. As an aid to remembering that atoms with overall neutral charges have an equal number of protons and electrons, draw small circles in the electron cloud area representing the number of electrons of that element. For example, with carbon, which has six protons, you know that it will also have six electrons. So in the area around the carbon nucleus, draw six randomly spaced small circles (each with a negative sign "-" inscribed).
Tips
References
Tips
- Remember: Electrons do not orbit the nucleus like the earth orbits the sun. Electrons are found in a cloud in a defined area near the nucleus. They do move rapidly around the nucleus (visualize a cloud of mosquitoes buzzing around your nose on a summer evening).
About the Author
Jack Byrom has been writing about science since 2002 and has also worked for the American Chemical Society as a technical editor. He received his Bachelor of Arts in environmental science from Capital University and his research there was published by the National Conference on Undergraduate Research (2004) and "Epistimi" (2004). His articles have been published in the "Columbus Free Press" and "Clarity Magazine."
Photo Credits
atom image by Oleg Verbitsky from Fotolia.com