Figuring out how much weight a bridge can hold depends on how it responds to the stress and strain of cars and other vehicles that cross it. But, for the most miniscule changes in stress, you'd need a strain gauge that can give you values of stress that are much smaller. The microstrain value helps you with that.
Microstrain
Stress is measured using "sigma"
for the force F on an object and the area A over which the force is applied. You can measure the stress in this straightforward manner if you know force and area. This gives strain the same units as pressure. This means you can add pressure onto an object as one way of measuring the stress on it.
You can also figure out how much strain is on a material using the value of strain, measured by "epsilon"
for the change in length ΔL of a material when under stress divided by the actual length L of the material. When a material is compressed in a certain direction, such as the weight of cars on a bridge, the material itself can expand in the directions perpendicular to the weight. This response of stretching or compressing, known as the Poisson effect, lets you calculate the strain.
This "deformation" of the material occurs on a micro-level for microstrain effects. While normal-sized strain gauges measure changes in length of material on the order of a millimeter or inch, microstrain gauges are used for lengths of micrometers (using the Greek letter "mu") μm for the change in length. This would mean you would use values of ε on the order of 10-6 in magnitude to get microstrain με. Converting microstrain to strain means multiplying the value of microstrain by 10-6.
Microstrain Gauges
Ever since Scottish chemist Lord Kelvin discovered that metallic conducting material under mechanical strain shows a change in electrical resistance, scientists and engineers have explored this relationship between strain and electricity to take advantage of these effects. Electrical resistance measures a wire's resistance to the flow of electric charge.
Strain gauges use a zigzig shape of wire such that, when you measure the electrical resistance in the wire as a current flows through it, you can measure how much strain is put on the wire. The zigzag grid-like shape increases the surface area of the wire parallel to the direction of the strain.
Microstrain gauges do the same thing, but measure even more miniscule changes in electrical resistance to the object such as microscope changes in an object's length. Strain gauges take advantage of the relationship such that, when the strain on an object is transferred to the strain gauge, the gauge changes its electrical resistance in proportion to the strain. Strain gauges find uses in balances that give precise measurements of an object's weight.
Strain Gauge Example Problems
Strain gauge example problems can illustrate these effects. If a strain gauge measures a microstrain of 5με for a material 1 mm in length, by how many micrometers does the length of the material change?
Convert the microstrain to strain by multiplying it by 10-6 to get a strain value of 5 x 10-6, and convert 1 mm to meters by multiplying it by 10-3 to get 10-3 m. Use the equation for strain to solve for ΔL:
or 5 x 10-3 μm.
References
Resources
Tips
- Consult the simplest effective units of measurement used to assess your microstrain materials. Check it out before you figure it out.
- Complex calculations of overall microstrain may include data from several components of strain measurement. This yields the most accurate microstrain information.
Warnings
- Resistance calculations can be influenced by the temperature and material properties of the assessed object, so an additional calculation for each factor may be necessary.
About the Author
S. Hussain Ather is a Master's student in Science Communications the University of California, Santa Cruz. After studying physics and philosophy as an undergraduate at Indiana University-Bloomington, he worked as a scientist at the National Institutes of Health for two years. He primarily performs research in and write about neuroscience and philosophy, however, his interests span ethics, policy, and other areas relevant to science.