Choose where your planet will be. There is a distance from stars of different magnitudes called the habitable zone, because temperatures reach levels where liquid water is possible, but if you have your planet closer or farther away, you will need to base your future decisions on having an ice world, a steam world, or a world farther away but with a heat source beneath the surface. Orbits around single stars are most likely to be elliptical and deliver more constant climates. In binary and trinary star systems, you are more likely to get extreme temperatures.

Decide whether your planet will have any moons, and if so, how many. More moons make more interesting skies and decrease the likelihood of meteors and comets hitting your planet, but a single moon makes tides, if you want any, a bit more consistent.

Decide on the size of your planet. The bigger it is, the greater its gravity. If your planet is too small (like Mars), it won't have enough gravity to retain gases like oxygen and carbon. They will just dissipate into space. The really large planets are usually called gas giants, and they have no solid surface, so their topography is not going to be as interesting.

Design a few life forms. You will need to decide how they get their energy, which usually means they will need to eat something and excrete something. You will need to figure out how they will move. For each life form, you need to make sure you have an ecosystem that allows its population to balance, so that it has enough food, some way of reducing its number when overpopulated (predators or disease perhaps), and that it reproduces at the optimal rate.

Decide on the characteristics of each season. Most planets that rotate will have four seasons, but those with really eccentric orbits could have more extreme winters and summers. How will your life forms survive if all the groundwater freezes? How will they survive if the temperature approaches the boiling point for water?

Decide on the topography. Here is where you get to make maps. You may get some interesting ideas of how to lay out your oceans and lakes and mountains from studying weather patterns on Earth. You may want to start out with the outline of continents (if any), ice caps at the poles (if any), and the most likely pattern for ocean currents, recognizing they would tend to flow away from the direction of the planet's rotation. Then move to the bodies of water (or ammonia or whatever liquid is most prominent on your world), remembering that liquids tend to flow from high ground (mountains) toward low ground (shorelines).

Decide if any sentient life forms will have emerged on your planet. You may want to play around with their level of communication, their use of tools, their physical variations, and several other factors, but it is easiest if you try to develop an evolutionary track and a history for them first. If they are sufficiently advanced, you can move on to various levels of government, classes, and perhaps some unique professions.