In economics, a utility function represents a summation of an individual agent's (i.e., person's) formal preferences. Those preferences, in any individual, are assumed to adhere to certain rules. For example, one of those rules is that given set of objects x and y, one of the two statements "x is at least as good as y" and "y is at least as good as x" must be true in this context.
The language of preferences, translated into symbols, looks like this:
- x > y: x is preferred strictly to y
- x ~ y: x and y are equally preferred
- x ≥ y: x is preferred at least as much as is y
Relationships between utility, preferences and other variables can be used to derive utility functions and other useful equations in the area of decision-making.
Utility: Concepts
Economists are interested in utility because it offers a mathematical framework upon which to model people's likelihood of making certain choices. Obviously, the goal of any marketing campaign is to increase the sales of a product. But if product sales rise or fall, it is important to understand cause and effect rather than simply observe a correlation.
Preferences have the property of transitivity. This means that if x is at least as preferred as y, and y is at least as preferred as z, then x is at least as preferred as z:
Although it seems trivial, they also have the property of reflexivity, meaning any group of objects x is always at least as preferred as itself:
Basis for Utility Function Equations
Not all preference relations can be expressed as a utility function. But if a preference relation is transitive, reflexive and continuous, then it can be expressed as continuous utility function. Continuity here means that small changes to the set of objects does not greatly change the overall preference level.
A utility function U(x) represents a true preference relation if and only if the preference and utility relationships are the same for all x in the set. That is, it must be true that
that
and that
Note also that utility is ordinal, not multiplicative. That is, it is based on rank. That means that if U(x) = 8 and U(y) = 4, then x is strictly preferred to y, because 8 is always higher than 4. But it is not "twice as preferred" in any mathematical sense.
Utility Function Examples
Any utility function that has the form
has one "regular" component that is usually exponential in nature (x1) and another that is simply linear (x2). It is thus called a quasi-linear utility function.
Similarly, any utility function that has the form
where a and b are constants greater that zero is called a Cobb-Douglas function. These curves are hyperbolic, meaning that they come close to both the x-axis and the y-axis on a graph, but without touching either one, and are convex (bowed outward) in the direction of the origin (0, 0).
Utility Function Calculator
Online utility maximization calculators are available for finding any utility maximization graph as long as you have the raw data available. See Resources for an example.
References
Tips
- Economists use the utility function to determine a consumer's indifference to products. The indifference curve plots all the commodities that the consumer can buy with the money she has and still attain the same level of contentment. The customer may either buy three shirts and one pair of pants or two shirts and two pairs of pants with her money and still feel the same satisfaction.
Warnings
- Please note that this economic function only attempts to objectively show the utility an individual derives from the purchases. This is by no means a real indicator of the happiness. An individual may be more happy by making a purchase of $10 than by making a $100 purchase.
About the Author
Kevin Beck holds a bachelor's degree in physics with minors in math and chemistry from the University of Vermont. Formerly with ScienceBlogs.com and the editor of "Run Strong," he has written for Runner's World, Men's Fitness, Competitor, and a variety of other publications. More about Kevin and links to his professional work can be found at www.kemibe.com.