Difference Between Muriatic & Sulfuric Acid

Sulfuric and muriatic acid are different chemical compounds.
••• Hemera Technologies/PhotoObjects.net/Getty Images

Sulfuric and muriatic/hydrochloric acid are two strong mineral acids with a plethora of uses in chemistry laboratories. In terms of sheer mass, sulfuric acid is the single largest product of the U.S. chemicals industry. The annual production of muriatic acid is nowhere near as great, but it too is a key industrial chemical.

Composition

Muriatic acid and sulfuric acid are very different chemical compounds. Muriatic acid has the formula HCl, while sulfuric acid has the formula H2SO4. What this means is that sulfuric acid molecules have two hydrogens, one sulfur and four oxygens, while muriatic acid molecules have one hydrogen and one chlorine atom. Pure sulfuric acid (i.e. without water) emits fumes when it's heated because some of the H2SO4 is decomposing to yield water and sulfur trioxide.

Characteristics

At room temperature in the absence of water, pure sulfuric acid is an oily liquid, while pure hydrogen chloride is a gas. Both compounds dissolve quite readily in water, and generally when you buy the acid, you are buying an aqueous solution of the chemical. Sulfuric acid can give away two hydrogen ions, while muriatic acid can only give away one. Both muriatic and sulfuric acid are very strong acids and in concentrated solution result in a very low pH.

Reactivity

Especially when hot and concentrated, sulfuric acid can act as an oxidizing agent, meaning it can take electrons away from other species in the reaction. Muriatic acid is not an oxidizing agent, although its chloride ion can act as a nucleophile, so concentrated muriatic acid can be used in organic chemistry to replace an alcohol group with a chlorine atom (typically in the presence of zinc chloride). The sulfate ion, by contrast, does not typically act as a nucleophile.

Strength

Chemists often describe an acid's strength using a number called the pKa, which is equal to the negative log of the acid dissociation constant. The acid dissociation constant is a measure of the strength of an acid in water. The more negative the pKa, the stronger the acid. An acid like sulfuric acid that can give away two hydrogen ions has two pKas. The pKa1 for sulfuric acid is -3, while its pKa2 is 1.99. The pKa for muriatic acid, by contrast, is -7.

Related Articles

How to Calculate pKa Values
What Is Urethane?
Difference Between Sulfide and Sulfite
How to Find the PKA of a Weak Acid
How to Calculate the pH of a Strong Acid
List of Arrhenius Acids & Bases
What Type of Reaction Is Occurring When Sulfuric Acid...
Three Types of Aqueous Reactions
Examples of Acidic Buffers
How to Calculate the pH of Ammonia Water Using KB
The Effects of NaOH Concentration with H2O
How to Determine Conjugate Bases of Acids
How to Determine pH From pKa
What Ions Are Present When Dissolving AGNO3 in Water?
How to Calculate ph And pOH
Properties of Isopropyl Alcohol
How to Neutralize an Acid
How to Find pH for a Given Molarity
Alkaline Vs. Basic

Dont Go!

We Have More Great Sciencing Articles!