Life Cycle Of A Turtle

Turtles are very versatile reptiles, living in a variety of environments on both land and in water. You'll find turtles living in deserts, in the sea, and even in in cold-weather areas where they hibernate to survive the winter. Despite their differences, the life cycle of a turtle follows the same basic pattern as any reptile species.

Turtles are aquatic reptiles, while tortoises live on dry land. Sometimes people use the term terrapin to mean either turtle or tortoise, but the terrapin is actually a turtle that lives in brackish water instead of fresh water or the ocean. All these creatures have shells or carapaces, a retractable head, four legs and a tail, though the extent to which they can pull their bodies into their shells varies by species. Some turtles can even snap the shell shut to make it harder for predators to attack them.

Though some sea turtles lay their eggs underwater or on beds of moss, most female turtles dig holes in sand or mud and deposit their eggs in clutches made up of one to 100 eggs. The female turtle then buries the eggs. Unlike the Asian giant tortoise, mother turtles do not remain near their eggs to protect them. The egg shell is pliable but leathery and requires the hatchling to use an "egg tooth" to break through when it's ready to emerge, usually in two to three months.

In some species of turtle, temperature determines the gender of hatchlings. In warmer temperatures females emerge from the hatching eggs, while in cooler temperatures males emerge. The hatchlings use an "egg tooth" (a small white protrusion on the nose) to break through the egg shell and then immediately head for the water. Sea turtles live their first years in the ocean, and many are omnivorous during this stage, eating plant and animal matter. Turtles that live primarily on land often dig holes in the dirt with their strong, rough feet to keep cool. They also stay inside their shells to both protect their bodies from drying out and to be safe from predators.

Adult turtles can live on either land or water. They can stay underwater for long periods of time but must emerge for air every so often because they have lungs instead of gills like a fish. When it is time to breed, the male often courts the female by rubbing up against her or nodding his head up and down. Other turtle species may bite the female's legs or bump shells with her. Some female turtles will carry their fertilized eggs with them for a year or more, laying them little by little over time. Neither parent is involved in rearing the hatchlings. Adult turtles can be anywhere from less than 5 inches long, like the endangered bog turtle, to over 6 feet long like the leatherback sea turtle, which can weigh up to 1,400 lbs.

Turtles grow at a very slow rate, but time does not take much of a toll on their bodies. The organs of an old turtle are almost identical to that of a young turtle. One of the most ancient creatures on earth, the turtle is also one of the longest-lived, with the largest species living the longest. Though the petite painted turtle lives a relatively short 11 years in the wild, some sea turtle life spans can stretch well past 100 years old, much like their long-lived giant tortoise cousins that live on land.