You can use light emitting diodes (LED) in many applications to provide status lights and illumination. LEDs are true diodes, meaning that they will only conduct electricity in one direction. LEDs emit light at a single frequency (color), which you cannot modify. The brightness of an LED is directly proportional to the amount of current flowing through it, and LEDs turn on and off much more quickly than an incandescent bulb. To limit current, connect a resistor in series with an LED. Follow a few simple steps to power an LED with a 9-volt battery.
- 9-volt battery
- Resistor
- LED
- LED specifications
If you do not have access to the LED specifications, start with a 2.2K resistor and work your way to smaller values.
The cathode of an LED is the smaller lead, located near a flat side of a round LED.
Connect multiple LEDs in series. Subtract each of their Vf typ from the battery voltage to calculate Vres.
Do not exceed the maximum current of an LED by using too small of a resistor value; this will destroy the LED.
Examine the data sheet for the LED you wish to use. Identify the specifications for maximum current (Imax) and typical forward voltage (Vf typ).
Example: 9-volt battery LED Imax = 20milliamps (mA) Vf typ=2 Volts (V)
Determine the voltage drop across the resistor (Vr). This voltage will equal the battery voltage (Vbatt) minus the Vftyp for the LED.
Example: Vr=Vbatt-Vftyp Vr=9 volts - 2 volts = 7 volts
Calculate a working current (Iwork) for the LED—typically about 75 percent of the maximum current.
Example: Iwork= Imax x 0.75 Iwork=20mA x 0.75 = 15mA
Choose a resistor value to allow 15mA of current to flow across.
Example: I=V/R ( Ohm's Law: Current = Voltage/Resistance) 15mA = Vr/R 15mA = 7 volts/R R=466 ohms
Select a 466-ohm resistor, or the next highest value of standard resistor.
Connect one end of the resistor to the positive terminal of the battery.
Connect the other end of the resistor to the positive (anode) terminal of the LED.
Connect the cathode of the LED to the negative terminal of the battery. The LED should illuminate.
Things You'll Need
Tips
Warnings
References
- "Electronics for Dummies;" Cathleen Shamieh and Gordon McComb; 2009
Tips
- If you do not have access to the LED specifications, start with a 2.2K resistor and work your way to smaller values.
- The cathode of an LED is the smaller lead, located near a flat side of a round LED.
- Connect multiple LEDs in series. Subtract each of their Vf typ from the battery voltage to calculate Vres.
Warnings
- Do not exceed the maximum current of an LED by using too small of a resistor value; this will destroy the LED.
About the Author
Andrew Hazleton has been writing on a freelance basis for more than 20 years, and his work has appeared in national, regional and in-house publications. His work has appeared in "Sports Illustrated," "IEEE Spectrum," "Popular Photography" and several newspapers. Hazleton has a Bachelor of Science in engineering from Lehigh University and a master's degree in management from Pepperdine University.