How To Write Equations Of Perpendicular & Parallel Lines
Parallel lines are straight lines that extend to infinity without touching at any point. Perpendicular lines cross each other at a 90-degree angle. Both sets of lines are important for many geometric proofs, so it is important to recognize them graphically and algebraically. You must know the structure of a straight-line equation before you can write equations for parallel or perpendicular lines. The standard form of the equation is "y = mx + b," in which "m" is the slope of the line and "b" is the point where the line crosses the y-axis.
Parallel Lines
Step 1
Write the equation for the first line and identify the slope and y-intercept.
Example: y = 4x + 3 m = slope = 4 b = y-intercept = 3
Step 2
Copy the first half of the equation for the parallel line. A line is parallel to another if their slopes are identical.
Example: Original line: y = 4x + 3 Parallel line: y = 4x
Step 3
Choose a y-intercept different from the original line. Regardless of the magnitude of the new y-intercept, as long as the slope is identical, the two lines will be parallel.
Example: Original line: y = 4x + 3 Parallel line 1: y = 4x + 7 Parallel line 2: y = 4x – 6 Parallel line 3: y = 4x + 15,328.35
Perpendicular Lines
Step 1
Write the equation for the first line and identify the slope and y-intercept, as with the parallel lines.
Example: y = 4x + 3 m = slope = 4 b = y-intercept = 3
Step 2
Transform for the "x" and "y" variable. The angle of rotation is 90 degrees because a perpendicular line intersects the original line at 90 degrees.
Example: x' = xcos(90) – ysin(90) y' = xsin(90) + ycos(90)
x' = -y y' = x
Step 3
Substitute "y'" and "x'" for "x" and "y" and then write the equation in standard form.
Example: Original line: y = 4x + 3 Substitute: -x' = 4y' + 3 Standard form: y' = -(1/4)*x – 3/4
The original line, y = 4x + b, is perpendicular to new line, y' = -(1/4)x – 3/4, and any line parallel to the new line, such as y' = -(1/4)x – 10.
TL;DR (Too Long; Didn't Read)
For three-dimensional lines, the process is the same but the calculations are much more complex. A study of Euler angles will help understand three-dimensional transformations.
References
- "Linear Algebra and its Applications"; Gilbert Strang; 1988
Cite This Article
MLA
McKenzie, Grant D.. "How To Write Equations Of Perpendicular & Parallel Lines" sciencing.com, https://www.sciencing.com/write-equations-perpendicular-parallel-lines-6193602/. 24 April 2017.
APA
McKenzie, Grant D.. (2017, April 24). How To Write Equations Of Perpendicular & Parallel Lines. sciencing.com. Retrieved from https://www.sciencing.com/write-equations-perpendicular-parallel-lines-6193602/
Chicago
McKenzie, Grant D.. How To Write Equations Of Perpendicular & Parallel Lines last modified March 24, 2022. https://www.sciencing.com/write-equations-perpendicular-parallel-lines-6193602/